🐍 Complete Python Tutorial for Beginners#

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Python 3.11.2

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>>>

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print("Hello, World!")

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Hello, World!

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# Storing a name (string)
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name = "Ahmed"
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# Storing a number (integer)
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age = 25
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# Storing a decimal (float)
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height = 1.75
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# Storing true/false (boolean)
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is_hacker = True

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name = "Ahmed"
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age = 25
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print(name)        # Output: Ahmed
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print(age)         # Output: 25
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print(name, age)   # Output: Ahmed 25

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x = 10
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print(x)   # Output: 10
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x = 20     # Changed!
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print(x)   # Output: 20
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x = x + 5  # Add 5
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print(x)   # Output: 25

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# String (str) - Text
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name = "Hacker"
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print(type(name))   # <class 'str'>
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# Integer (int) - Whole numbers
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age = 25
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print(type(age))    # <class 'int'>
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# Float - Decimal numbers
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price = 19.99
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print(type(price))  # <class 'float'>
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# Boolean (bool) - True or False
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is_admin = True
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print(type(is_admin))  # <class 'bool'>
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# List - Collection of items
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skills = ["python", "linux", "hacking"]
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print(type(skills))    # <class 'list'>
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# Dictionary (dict) - Key-value pairs
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user = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25}
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print(type(user))      # <class 'dict'>
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# None - Empty/Nothing
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result = None
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print(type(result))    # <class 'NoneType'>

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# String to Integer
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num_str = "100"
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num_int = int(num_str)
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print(num_int + 50)    # Output: 150
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# Integer to String
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age = 25
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age_str = str(age)
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print("I am " + age_str)  # Output: I am 25
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# String to Float
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price = float("19.99")
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print(price)           # Output: 19.99

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a = 10
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b = 3
3

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print(a + b)    # Addition:       13
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print(a - b)    # Subtraction:    7
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print(a * b)    # Multiplication: 30
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print(a / b)    # Division:       3.333...
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print(a // b)   # Floor Division: 3
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print(a % b)    # Modulus (remainder): 1
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print(a ** b)   # Power (10³):    1000

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x = 10
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y = 5
3

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print(x == y)   # Equal:          False
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print(x != y)   # Not equal:      True
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print(x > y)    # Greater:        True
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print(x < y)    # Less:           False
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print(x >= y)   # Greater/equal:  True
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print(x <= y)   # Less/equal:     False

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a = True
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b = False
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print(a and b)   # Both true?     False
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print(a or b)    # One true?      True
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print(not a)     # Opposite:      False

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x = 10      # Assign
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x += 5      # Same as: x = x + 5  → 15
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x -= 3      # Same as: x = x - 3  → 12
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x *= 2      # Same as: x = x * 2  → 24
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x /= 4      # Same as: x = x / 4  → 6.0

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# Single quotes
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name = 'Ahmed'
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# Double quotes
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message = "Hello World"
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# Triple quotes (multi-line)
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poem = """
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Roses are red,
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Violets are blue,
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Python is awesome,
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And so are you!
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"""
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print(poem)

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text = "Hello World"
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# Length
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print(len(text))        # 11
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# Access characters (index starts at 0)
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print(text[0])          # H
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print(text[1])          # e
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print(text[-1])         # d (last character)
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# Slicing [start:end]
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print(text[0:5])        # Hello
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print(text[6:])         # World
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print(text[:5])         # Hello
15

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# Uppercase / Lowercase
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print(text.upper())     # HELLO WORLD
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print(text.lower())     # hello world
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# Replace
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print(text.replace("World", "Python"))  # Hello Python
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# Split into list
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print(text.split(" "))  # ['Hello', 'World']
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# Check if contains
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print("World" in text)  # True

1
name = "Ahmed"
2
age = 25
3

4
# Method 1: f-strings (Best! ⭐)
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print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old")
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# Method 2: .format()
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print("My name is {} and I am {} years old".format(name, age))
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# Method 3: % operator (old)
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print("My name is %s and I am %d years old" % (name, age))

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My name is Ahmed and I am 25 years old

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# New line
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print("Hello\nWorld")
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# Output:
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# Hello
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# World
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# Tab
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print("Name:\tAhmed")
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# Output: Name:    Ahmed
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# Backslash
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print("C:\\Users\\Ahmed")
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# Output: C:\Users\Ahmed
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# Quote inside string
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print("He said \"Hello\"")
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# Output: He said "Hello"

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# Empty list
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my_list = []
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# List of strings
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
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# List of numbers
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numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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# Mixed list
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mixed = ["hello", 42, True, 3.14]
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# List of lists
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matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]
2

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print(fruits[0])      # apple (first)
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print(fruits[1])      # banana
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print(fruits[-1])     # grape (last)
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print(fruits[-2])     # orange (second last)
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# Slicing
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print(fruits[1:3])    # ['banana', 'orange']
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print(fruits[:2])     # ['apple', 'banana']
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print(fruits[2:])     # ['orange', 'grape']

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
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# Change item
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fruits[0] = "mango"
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print(fruits)         # ['mango', 'banana', 'orange']
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# Add item to end
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fruits.append("grape")
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print(fruits)         # ['mango', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']
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# Insert at position
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fruits.insert(1, "kiwi")
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print(fruits)         # ['mango', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']
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# Remove by value
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fruits.remove("banana")
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print(fruits)         # ['mango', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'grape']
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# Remove by index
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del fruits[0]
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print(fruits)         # ['kiwi', 'orange', 'grape']
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# Remove and return last item
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last = fruits.pop()
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print(last)           # grape
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print(fruits)         # ['kiwi', 'orange']
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# Clear all items
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fruits.clear()
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print(fruits)         # []

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numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
2

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# Length
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print(len(numbers))       # 8
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# Sort (changes original)
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numbers.sort()
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print(numbers)            # [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]
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# Reverse
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numbers.reverse()
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print(numbers)            # [9, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1]
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# Count occurrences
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print(numbers.count(1))   # 2
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# Find index
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print(numbers.index(5))   # 2
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# Copy list
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copy = numbers.copy()
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# Join two lists
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a = [1, 2]
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b = [3, 4]
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c = a + b
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print(c)                  # [1, 2, 3, 4]

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# Empty dictionary
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my_dict = {}
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# Dictionary with data
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user = {
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    "name": "Ahmed",
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    "age": 25,
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    "skills": ["python", "hacking"],
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    "is_admin": True
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}

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user = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25, "city": "Casablanca"}
2

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# Get by key
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print(user["name"])        # Ahmed
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print(user["age"])         # 25
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# Get with default (no error if missing)
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print(user.get("email"))           # None
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print(user.get("email", "N/A"))    # N/A
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# Get all keys
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print(user.keys())         # dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])
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# Get all values
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print(user.values())       # dict_values(['Ahmed', 25, 'Casablanca'])
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# Get all items
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print(user.items())        # dict_items([('name', 'Ahmed'), ...])

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user = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25}
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# Change value
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user["age"] = 26
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print(user)                # {'name': 'Ahmed', 'age': 26}
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# Add new key
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user["email"] = "ahmed@hack.com"
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print(user)                # {'name': 'Ahmed', 'age': 26, 'email': 'ahmed@hack.com'}
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# Remove key
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del user["email"]
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# Or use pop
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age = user.pop("age")
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print(age)                 # 26
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# Update multiple
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user.update({"city": "Casablanca", "job": "Hacker"})
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print(user)                # {'name': 'Ahmed', 'city': 'Casablanca', 'job': 'Hacker'}

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user = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25, "city": "Casablanca"}
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# Loop through keys
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for key in user:
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    print(key)
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# Loop through values
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for value in user.values():
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    print(value)
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# Loop through both
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for key, value in user.items():
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    print(f"{key}: {value}")

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name: Ahmed
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age: 25
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city: Casablanca

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age = 18
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if age >= 18:
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    print("You are an adult")

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age = 15
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if age >= 18:
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    print("You are an adult")
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else:
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    print("You are a minor")

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You are a minor

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score = 75
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if score >= 90:
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    grade = "A"
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elif score >= 80:
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    grade = "B"
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elif score >= 70:
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    grade = "C"
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elif score >= 60:
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    grade = "D"
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else:
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    grade = "F"
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print(f"Your grade is: {grade}")

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Your grade is: C

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age = 25
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has_id = True
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if age >= 18:
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    if has_id:
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        print("Welcome to the club!")
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    else:
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        print("Please show your ID")
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else:
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    print("You are too young")

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age = 20
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status = "adult" if age >= 18 else "minor"
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print(status)   # adult

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age = 25
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has_license = True
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# AND - Both must be true
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if age >= 18 and has_license:
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    print("You can drive")
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# OR - At least one must be true
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if age < 13 or age > 65:
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    print("Free ticket!")
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# NOT - Opposite
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is_banned = False
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if not is_banned:
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    print("You can enter")

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# Loop through list
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
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for fruit in fruits:
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    print(fruit)
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# Output:
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# apple
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# banana
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# orange

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# Numbers 0 to 4
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for i in range(5):
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    print(i)
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# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
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# Numbers 1 to 5
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for i in range(1, 6):
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    print(i)
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# Output: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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# Count by 2
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for i in range(0, 10, 2):
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    print(i)
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# Output: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

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# Repeat while condition is true
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count = 0
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while count < 5:
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    print(count)
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    count += 1
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# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
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# Infinite loop (be careful!)
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# while True:
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#     print("Forever...")

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# Break - Exit loop early
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for i in range(10):
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    if i == 5:
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        break
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    print(i)
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# Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
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# Continue - Skip current iteration
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for i in range(5):
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    if i == 2:
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        continue
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    print(i)
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# Output: 0, 1, 3, 4

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
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# Using enumerate
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for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
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    print(f"{index}: {fruit}")
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# Output:
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# 0: apple
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# 1: banana
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# 2: orange

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# Multiplication table
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for i in range(1, 4):
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    for j in range(1, 4):
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        print(f"{i} x {j} = {i*j}")
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    print("---")

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# Define function
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def say_hello():
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    print("Hello!")
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# Call function
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say_hello()    # Output: Hello!
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say_hello()    # Output: Hello!

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def greet(name):
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    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
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greet("Ahmed")    # Output: Hello, Ahmed!
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greet("Sara")     # Output: Hello, Sara!

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def add(a, b):
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    return a + b
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result = add(5, 3)
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print(result)      # Output: 8
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# Use directly
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print(add(10, 20)) # Output: 30

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def greet(name, message="Hello"):
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    print(f"{message}, {name}!")
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greet("Ahmed")                # Hello, Ahmed!
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greet("Ahmed", "Welcome")     # Welcome, Ahmed!

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def get_stats(numbers):
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    total = sum(numbers)
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    average = total / len(numbers)
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    return total, average
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nums = [10, 20, 30]
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total, avg = get_stats(nums)
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print(f"Total: {total}, Average: {avg}")
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# Output: Total: 60, Average: 20.0

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def add_all(*numbers):
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    return sum(numbers)
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print(add_all(1, 2))           # 3
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print(add_all(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))  # 15

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def print_info(**kwargs):
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    for key, value in kwargs.items():
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        print(f"{key}: {value}")
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print_info(name="Ahmed", age=25, city="Casablanca")
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# Output:
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# name: Ahmed
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# age: 25
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# city: Casablanca

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class Dog:
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    # Constructor (runs when object is created)
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    def __init__(self, name, age):
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        self.name = name
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        self.age = age
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    # Method (function inside class)
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    def bark(self):
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        print(f"{self.name} says: Woof!")
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    def info(self):
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        print(f"{self.name} is {self.age} years old")
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# Create objects
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dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)
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dog2 = Dog("Max", 5)
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# Use methods
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dog1.bark()      # Buddy says: Woof!
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dog2.info()      # Max is 5 years old
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# Access attributes
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print(dog1.name) # Buddy

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# Parent class
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class Animal:
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    def __init__(self, name):
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        self.name = name
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    def speak(self):
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        print("Some sound...")
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# Child class (inherits from Animal)
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class Cat(Animal):
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    def speak(self):
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        print(f"{self.name} says: Meow!")
13

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class Dog(Animal):
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    def speak(self):
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        print(f"{self.name} says: Woof!")
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# Create objects
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cat = Cat("Whiskers")
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dog = Dog("Buddy")
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cat.speak()   # Whiskers says: Meow!
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dog.speak()   # Buddy says: Woof!

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class Scanner:
2
    def __init__(self, target):
3
        self.target = target
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        self.open_ports = []
5

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    def scan_port(self, port):
7
        # Simplified example
8
        print(f"Scanning {self.target}:{port}")
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        self.open_ports.append(port)
10

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    def report(self):
12
        print(f"Open ports on {self.target}: {self.open_ports}")
13

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# Use the scanner
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scanner = Scanner("192.168.1.1")
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scanner.scan_port(80)
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scanner.scan_port(443)
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scanner.report()
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# Output:
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# Scanning 192.168.1.1:80
21
# Scanning 192.168.1.1:443
22
# Open ports on 192.168.1.1: [80, 443]

1
import math
2

3
print(math.pi)        # 3.141592653589793
4
print(math.sqrt(16))  # 4.0
5
print(math.floor(3.7))# 3

1
from math import sqrt, pi
2

3
print(sqrt(25))       # 5.0
4
print(pi)             # 3.141592653589793

1
import random as r
2

3
print(r.randint(1, 10))   # Random number 1-10
4
print(r.choice(["a", "b", "c"]))  # Random choice

1
# Random numbers
2
import random
3
print(random.randint(1, 100))     # Random 1-100
4
print(random.choice([1, 2, 3]))   # Random from list
5

6
# Date and time
7
from datetime import datetime
8
now = datetime.now()
9
print(now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
10

11
# Operating system
12
import os
13
print(os.getcwd())    # Current directory
14
print(os.listdir())   # List files
15

16
# JSON
17
import json
18
data = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25}
19
json_str = json.dumps(data)
20
print(json_str)       # {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25}
21

22
# Requests (install: pip install requests)
23
import requests
24
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
25
print(response.status_code)  # 200

1
# Read entire file
2
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
3
    content = f.read()
4
    print(content)
5

6
# Read line by line
7
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
8
    for line in f:
9
        print(line.strip())
10

11
# Read all lines into list
12
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
13
    lines = f.readlines()
14
    print(lines)

1
# Write (overwrites file)
2
with open("output.txt", "w") as f:
3
    f.write("Hello World!\n")
4
    f.write("Line 2\n")
5

6
# Append (adds to file)
7
with open("output.txt", "a") as f:
8
    f.write("New line added\n")

1
import os
2

3
if os.path.exists("file.txt"):
4
    print("File exists!")
5
else:
6
    print("File not found")

1
import json
2

3
# Write JSON
4
data = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25}
5
with open("data.json", "w") as f:
6
    json.dump(data, f, indent=4)
7

8
# Read JSON
9
with open("data.json", "r") as f:
10
    loaded = json.load(f)
11
    print(loaded["name"])  # Ahmed

1
try:
2
    result = 10 / 0
3
except:
4
    print("An error occurred!")

1
try:
2
    num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
3
    result = 10 / num
4
    print(f"Result: {result}")
5
except ValueError:
6
    print("That's not a valid number!")
7
except ZeroDivisionError:
8
    print("Cannot divide by zero!")
9
except Exception as e:
10
    print(f"Unknown error: {e}")

1
try:
2
    f = open("file.txt", "r")
3
    content = f.read()
4
except FileNotFoundError:
5
    print("File not found!")
6
finally:
7
    # This always runs
8
    print("Cleanup done")

1
def set_age(age):
2
    if age < 0:
3
        raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative!")
4
    return age
5

6
try:
7
    set_age(-5)
8
except ValueError as e:
9
    print(e)  # Age cannot be negative!

1
# Normal way
2
squares = []
3
for i in range(5):
4
    squares.append(i ** 2)
5
print(squares)  # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
6

7
# List comprehension (same result!)
8
squares = [i ** 2 for i in range(5)]
9
print(squares)  # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

1
# Even numbers only
2
evens = [i for i in range(10) if i % 2 == 0]
3
print(evens)    # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
4

5
# Filter strings
6
words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date"]
7
long_words = [w for w in words if len(w) > 5]
8
print(long_words)  # ['banana', 'cherry']

1
# Uppercase all
2
words = ["hello", "world"]
3
upper = [w.upper() for w in words]
4
print(upper)    # ['HELLO', 'WORLD']
5

6
# Multiple operations
7
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
8
result = [n * 2 for n in nums if n > 2]
9
print(result)   # [6, 8, 10]

1
# Create dictionary
2
squares = {i: i**2 for i in range(5)}
3
print(squares)  # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

1
# Normal function
2
def add(a, b):
3
    return a + b
4

5
# Lambda (same thing!)
6
add = lambda a, b: a + b
7

8
print(add(5, 3))  # 8

1
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
2

3
# Double each number
4
doubled = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, numbers))
5
print(doubled)    # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

1
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
2

3
# Keep even numbers
4
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
5
print(evens)      # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

1
users = [
2
    {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 25},
3
    {"name": "Sara", "age": 20},
4
    {"name": "Ali", "age": 30}
5
]
6

7
# Sort by age
8
sorted_users = sorted(users, key=lambda x: x["age"])
9
print(sorted_users)
10
# [{'name': 'Sara', 'age': 20}, {'name': 'Ahmed', 'age': 25}, {'name': 'Ali', 'age': 30}]

1
import random
2
import string
3

4
def generate_password(length=12):
5
    characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation
6
    password = ''.join(random.choice(characters) for _ in range(length))
7
    return password
8

9
# Generate 5 passwords
10
for i in range(5):
11
    print(generate_password(16))

1
def calculator():
2
    while True:
3
        print("\n--- Calculator ---")
4
        print("1. Add")
5
        print("2. Subtract")
6
        print("3. Multiply")
7
        print("4. Divide")
8
        print("5. Exit")
9

10
        choice = input("Choose operation: ")
11

12
        if choice == "5":
13
            print("Goodbye!")
14
            break
15

16
        num1 = float(input("First number: "))
17
        num2 = float(input("Second number: "))
18

19
        if choice == "1":
20
            print(f"Result: {num1 + num2}")
21
        elif choice == "2":
22
            print(f"Result: {num1 - num2}")
23
        elif choice == "3":
24
            print(f"Result: {num1 * num2}")
25
        elif choice == "4":
26
            if num2 != 0:
27
                print(f"Result: {num1 / num2}")
28
            else:
29
                print("Cannot divide by zero!")
30

31
calculator()