🖼️ Python Tkinter - Complete GUI Guide#

Tkinter

📚 Table of Contents#

Introduction to Tkinter
Your First Window
Labels
Buttons
Entry (Text Input)
Text Widget
Frames
Layout Managers
Checkbuttons
Radiobuttons
Listbox
Combobox (Dropdown)
Spinbox
Scale (Slider)
Menu Bar
Message Boxes
File Dialogs
Canvas
Images
Styling with ttk
Events and Binding
Practical Projects

1. Introduction to Tkinter#

GUI

Tkinter is Python’s built-in library for creating graphical user interfaces (GUI).

Why Tkinter?#

✅ Comes with Python (no install needed)
✅ Simple and easy to learn
✅ Cross-platform (Windows, Mac, Linux)
✅ Good for small to medium apps

Import Tkinter#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import ttk  # Modern themed widgets
3
from tkinter import messagebox  # Pop-up dialogs

2. Your First Window#

Basic Window#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
# Create main window
4
root = tk.Tk()
5

6
# Set window title
7
root.title("My First App")
8

9
# Set window size
10
root.geometry("400x300")  # width x height
11

12
# Start the application
13
root.mainloop()

Window Options#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4

5
# Title
6
root.title("My App")
7

8
# Size
9
root.geometry("500x400")
10

11
# Minimum size
12
root.minsize(300, 200)
13

14
# Maximum size
15
root.maxsize(800, 600)
16

17
# Make non-resizable
18
root.resizable(False, False)  # (width, height)
19

20
# Background color
21
root.configure(bg="lightblue")
22

23
# Icon (Windows)
24
# root.iconbitmap("icon.ico")
25

26
# Center window on screen
27
root.eval('tk::PlaceWindow . center')
28

29
root.mainloop()

3. Labels#

Labels display text or images.

Basic Label#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.title("Labels")
5
root.geometry("300x200")
6

7
# Simple label
8
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, World!")
9
label.pack()
10

11
root.mainloop()

Styled Label#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
label = tk.Label(
7
    root,
8
    text="Styled Label",
9
    font=("Arial", 24, "bold"),      # Font family, size, style
10
    fg="white",                       # Text color (foreground)
11
    bg="darkblue",                    # Background color
12
    width=20,                         # Width in characters
13
    height=2,                         # Height in lines
14
    padx=10,                          # Horizontal padding
15
    pady=10,                          # Vertical padding
16
    relief="raised",                  # Border style
17
    borderwidth=3                     # Border width
18
)
19
label.pack(pady=20)
20

21
# Relief options: flat, raised, sunken, ridge, groove, solid
22

23
root.mainloop()

Update Label Text#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x150")
5

6
# Using StringVar
7
text_var = tk.StringVar()
8
text_var.set("Initial Text")
9

10
label = tk.Label(root, textvariable=text_var, font=("Arial", 16))
11
label.pack(pady=20)
12

13
def change_text():
14
    text_var.set("Text Changed!")
15

16
button = tk.Button(root, text="Change", command=change_text)
17
button.pack()
18

19
root.mainloop()

4. Buttons#

Basic Button#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
def on_click():
7
    print("Button clicked!")
8

9
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me!", command=on_click)
10
button.pack(pady=50)
11

12
root.mainloop()

Styled Button#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
button = tk.Button(
7
    root,
8
    text="Styled Button",
9
    font=("Arial", 14),
10
    fg="white",
11
    bg="green",
12
    activeforeground="green",    # Text color when pressed
13
    activebackground="white",    # Background when pressed
14
    width=15,
15
    height=2,
16
    relief="raised",
17
    borderwidth=3,
18
    cursor="hand2"               # Cursor style
19
)
20
button.pack(pady=50)
21

22
root.mainloop()

Button with Lambda#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
label = tk.Label(root, text="0", font=("Arial", 24))
7
label.pack(pady=20)
8

9
# Pass arguments using lambda
10
def update_label(value):
11
    label.config(text=str(value))
12

13
tk.Button(root, text="Set to 1", command=lambda: update_label(1)).pack()
14
tk.Button(root, text="Set to 2", command=lambda: update_label(2)).pack()
15
tk.Button(root, text="Set to 3", command=lambda: update_label(3)).pack()
16

17
root.mainloop()

5. Entry (Text Input)#

Basic Entry#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
# Create entry
7
entry = tk.Entry(root, font=("Arial", 14), width=20)
8
entry.pack(pady=20)
9

10
def get_text():
11
    text = entry.get()
12
    print(f"You entered: {text}")
13

14
button = tk.Button(root, text="Submit", command=get_text)
15
button.pack()
16

17
root.mainloop()

Entry Options#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
# Normal entry
7
entry1 = tk.Entry(root, width=30)
8
entry1.insert(0, "Default text")  # Insert default text
9
entry1.pack(pady=10)
10

11
# Password entry
12
entry2 = tk.Entry(root, show="*", width=30)
13
entry2.pack(pady=10)
14

15
# Read-only entry
16
entry3 = tk.Entry(root, width=30, state="readonly")
17
entry3.pack(pady=10)
18

19
# Styled entry
20
entry4 = tk.Entry(
21
    root,
22
    font=("Arial", 12),
23
    fg="blue",
24
    bg="lightyellow",
25
    width=30,
26
    borderwidth=3,
27
    relief="sunken"
28
)
29
entry4.pack(pady=10)
30

31
# Get and clear
32
def clear_entries():
33
    entry1.delete(0, tk.END)  # Clear entry
34
    entry4.delete(0, tk.END)
35

36
tk.Button(root, text="Clear", command=clear_entries).pack(pady=10)
37

38
root.mainloop()

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.title("Login")
5
root.geometry("300x200")
6

7
# Username
8
tk.Label(root, text="Username:").pack(pady=5)
9
username_entry = tk.Entry(root, width=25)
10
username_entry.pack()
11

12
# Password
13
tk.Label(root, text="Password:").pack(pady=5)
14
password_entry = tk.Entry(root, show="*", width=25)
15
password_entry.pack()
16

17
def login():
18
    username = username_entry.get()
19
    password = password_entry.get()
20
    print(f"Username: {username}")
21
    print(f"Password: {password}")
22

23
tk.Button(root, text="Login", command=login, width=10).pack(pady=20)
24

25
root.mainloop()

For multi-line text input.

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("500x400")
5

6
# Create text widget
7
text = tk.Text(
8
    root,
9
    width=50,
10
    height=10,
11
    font=("Arial", 12),
12
    wrap=tk.WORD  # Wrap at word boundaries
13
)
14
text.pack(pady=20)
15

16
# Insert text
17
text.insert(tk.END, "Type here...\n")
18
text.insert(tk.END, "Line 2\n")
19

20
def get_content():
21
    content = text.get("1.0", tk.END)  # From line 1, char 0 to end
22
    print(content)
23

24
def clear_content():
25
    text.delete("1.0", tk.END)
26

27
tk.Button(root, text="Get Text", command=get_content).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
28
tk.Button(root, text="Clear", command=clear_content).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
29

30
root.mainloop()

Text with Scrollbar#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
# Frame for text and scrollbar
7
frame = tk.Frame(root)
8
frame.pack(pady=20, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
9

10
# Scrollbar
11
scrollbar = tk.Scrollbar(frame)
12
scrollbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
13

14
# Text widget
15
text = tk.Text(frame, yscrollcommand=scrollbar.set, wrap=tk.WORD)
16
text.pack(side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
17

18
# Connect scrollbar to text
19
scrollbar.config(command=text.yview)
20

21
# Add sample text
22
for i in range(50):
23
    text.insert(tk.END, f"Line {i+1}: This is sample text.\n")
24

25
root.mainloop()

7. Frames#

Frames are containers to organize widgets.

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
# Frame 1 (Top)
7
frame1 = tk.Frame(root, bg="red", width=400, height=100)
8
frame1.pack(fill=tk.X)
9

10
tk.Label(frame1, text="Frame 1", bg="red", fg="white").pack()
11

12
# Frame 2 (Middle)
13
frame2 = tk.Frame(root, bg="green", width=400, height=100)
14
frame2.pack(fill=tk.X)
15

16
tk.Label(frame2, text="Frame 2", bg="green", fg="white").pack()
17

18
# Frame 3 (Bottom)
19
frame3 = tk.Frame(root, bg="blue", width=400, height=100)
20
frame3.pack(fill=tk.X)
21

22
tk.Label(frame3, text="Frame 3", bg="blue", fg="white").pack()
23

24
root.mainloop()

LabelFrame (Grouped Frame)#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x250")
5

6
# LabelFrame with border and title
7
frame = tk.LabelFrame(root, text="User Info", padx=20, pady=20)
8
frame.pack(padx=20, pady=20)
9

10
tk.Label(frame, text="Name:").grid(row=0, column=0)
11
tk.Entry(frame).grid(row=0, column=1)
12

13
tk.Label(frame, text="Email:").grid(row=1, column=0)
14
tk.Entry(frame).grid(row=1, column=1)
15

16
tk.Label(frame, text="Phone:").grid(row=2, column=0)
17
tk.Entry(frame).grid(row=2, column=1)
18

19
root.mainloop()

8. Layout Managers#

Pack - Simple Stacking#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
# Stack vertically (default)
7
tk.Button(root, text="Button 1").pack()
8
tk.Button(root, text="Button 2").pack()
9
tk.Button(root, text="Button 3").pack()
10

11
# Pack options
12
tk.Button(root, text="Left").pack(side=tk.LEFT)
13
tk.Button(root, text="Right").pack(side=tk.RIGHT)
14
tk.Button(root, text="Fill X").pack(fill=tk.X)
15
tk.Button(root, text="Expand").pack(expand=True)
16
tk.Button(root, text="Padding").pack(padx=20, pady=10)
17

18
root.mainloop()

Grid - Table Layout#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.title("Grid Layout")
5

6
# Create grid
7
tk.Label(root, text="Username:").grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
8
tk.Entry(root).grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)
9

10
tk.Label(root, text="Password:").grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
11
tk.Entry(root, show="*").grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)
12

13
# Span multiple columns
14
tk.Button(root, text="Login", width=20).grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=20)
15

16
root.mainloop()

Place - Absolute Position#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
# Absolute positioning
7
tk.Button(root, text="Button 1").place(x=50, y=50)
8
tk.Button(root, text="Button 2").place(x=150, y=100)
9
tk.Button(root, text="Button 3").place(x=250, y=150)
10

11
# Relative positioning (0.0 to 1.0)
12
tk.Button(root, text="Center").place(relx=0.5, rely=0.5, anchor=tk.CENTER)
13

14
root.mainloop()

9. Checkbuttons#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
# Variables to store states
7
var1 = tk.IntVar()  # 0 or 1
8
var2 = tk.IntVar()
9
var3 = tk.IntVar()
10

11
# Create checkbuttons
12
cb1 = tk.Checkbutton(root, text="Python", variable=var1)
13
cb2 = tk.Checkbutton(root, text="Java", variable=var2)
14
cb3 = tk.Checkbutton(root, text="JavaScript", variable=var3)
15

16
cb1.pack(anchor=tk.W)
17
cb2.pack(anchor=tk.W)
18
cb3.pack(anchor=tk.W)
19

20
def show_selection():
21
    selected = []
22
    if var1.get(): selected.append("Python")
23
    if var2.get(): selected.append("Java")
24
    if var3.get(): selected.append("JavaScript")
25
    print(f"Selected: {selected}")
26

27
tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_selection).pack(pady=20)
28

29
root.mainloop()

10. Radiobuttons#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x200")
5

6
# Variable to store selection
7
selected = tk.StringVar()
8
selected.set("python")  # Default selection
9

10
# Create radiobuttons
11
tk.Radiobutton(root, text="Python", variable=selected, value="python").pack(anchor=tk.W)
12
tk.Radiobutton(root, text="Java", variable=selected, value="java").pack(anchor=tk.W)
13
tk.Radiobutton(root, text="C++", variable=selected, value="cpp").pack(anchor=tk.W)
14

15
def show_selection():
16
    print(f"Selected: {selected.get()}")
17

18
tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_selection).pack(pady=20)
19

20
root.mainloop()

11. Listbox#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x300")
5

6
# Create listbox
7
listbox = tk.Listbox(
8
    root,
9
    width=30,
10
    height=10,
11
    selectmode=tk.SINGLE  # SINGLE, MULTIPLE, EXTENDED
12
)
13
listbox.pack(pady=20)
14

15
# Add items
16
items = ["Python", "Java", "JavaScript", "C++", "Ruby", "Go", "Rust"]
17
for item in items:
18
    listbox.insert(tk.END, item)
19

20
def get_selection():
21
    selection = listbox.curselection()
22
    if selection:
23
        index = selection[0]
24
        value = listbox.get(index)
25
        print(f"Selected: {value}")
26

27
def delete_selected():
28
    selection = listbox.curselection()
29
    if selection:
30
        listbox.delete(selection)
31

32
tk.Button(root, text="Get Selection", command=get_selection).pack()
33
tk.Button(root, text="Delete Selected", command=delete_selected).pack()
34

35
root.mainloop()

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import ttk
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.geometry("300x200")
6

7
# Create combobox
8
combo = ttk.Combobox(
9
    root,
10
    values=["Python", "Java", "JavaScript", "C++"],
11
    state="readonly",  # Prevent typing
12
    width=25
13
)
14
combo.pack(pady=20)
15
combo.set("Select a language")  # Default text
16

17
def on_select(event):
18
    print(f"Selected: {combo.get()}")
19

20
combo.bind("<<ComboboxSelected>>", on_select)
21

22
root.mainloop()

13. Spinbox#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("300x150")
5

6
# Numeric spinbox
7
spin1 = tk.Spinbox(root, from_=0, to=100, width=10)
8
spin1.pack(pady=10)
9

10
# Spinbox with values
11
spin2 = tk.Spinbox(root, values=("Small", "Medium", "Large"), width=10)
12
spin2.pack(pady=10)
13

14
def get_values():
15
    print(f"Number: {spin1.get()}")
16
    print(f"Size: {spin2.get()}")
17

18
tk.Button(root, text="Get Values", command=get_values).pack(pady=10)
19

20
root.mainloop()

14. Scale (Slider)#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x200")
5

6
# Horizontal scale
7
scale_h = tk.Scale(
8
    root,
9
    from_=0,
10
    to=100,
11
    orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
12
    length=300,
13
    label="Volume"
14
)
15
scale_h.pack(pady=20)
16

17
# Vertical scale
18
scale_v = tk.Scale(
19
    root,
20
    from_=0,
21
    to=100,
22
    orient=tk.VERTICAL,
23
    length=150
24
)
25
scale_v.pack()
26

27
def get_value():
28
    print(f"Horizontal: {scale_h.get()}")
29
    print(f"Vertical: {scale_v.get()}")
30

31
tk.Button(root, text="Get Value", command=get_value).pack(pady=10)
32

33
root.mainloop()

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import messagebox
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.title("Menu Example")
6
root.geometry("400x300")
7

8
# Create menu bar
9
menubar = tk.Menu(root)
10

11
# File menu
12
file_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
13
file_menu.add_command(label="New", command=lambda: print("New"))
14
file_menu.add_command(label="Open", command=lambda: print("Open"))
15
file_menu.add_command(label="Save", command=lambda: print("Save"))
16
file_menu.add_separator()
17
file_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.quit)
18
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu)
19

20
# Edit menu
21
edit_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
22
edit_menu.add_command(label="Cut")
23
edit_menu.add_command(label="Copy")
24
edit_menu.add_command(label="Paste")
25
menubar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit_menu)
26

27
# Help menu
28
help_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
29
help_menu.add_command(label="About", command=lambda: messagebox.showinfo("About", "My App v1.0"))
30
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=help_menu)
31

32
# Attach menu to window
33
root.config(menu=menubar)
34

35
root.mainloop()

16. Message Boxes#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import messagebox
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.geometry("400x300")
6

7
def show_info():
8
    messagebox.showinfo("Info", "This is information!")
9

10
def show_warning():
11
    messagebox.showwarning("Warning", "This is a warning!")
12

13
def show_error():
14
    messagebox.showerror("Error", "This is an error!")
15

16
def ask_question():
17
    result = messagebox.askquestion("Question", "Do you like Python?")
18
    print(f"Answer: {result}")  # 'yes' or 'no'
19

20
def ask_okcancel():
21
    result = messagebox.askokcancel("Confirm", "Proceed?")
22
    print(f"Result: {result}")  # True or False
23

24
def ask_yesno():
25
    result = messagebox.askyesno("Confirm", "Save changes?")
26
    print(f"Result: {result}")  # True or False
27

28
def ask_yesnocancel():
29
    result = messagebox.askyesnocancel("Save", "Save before closing?")
30
    print(f"Result: {result}")  # True, False, or None
31

32
tk.Button(root, text="Info", command=show_info).pack(pady=5)
33
tk.Button(root, text="Warning", command=show_warning).pack(pady=5)
34
tk.Button(root, text="Error", command=show_error).pack(pady=5)
35
tk.Button(root, text="Question", command=ask_question).pack(pady=5)
36
tk.Button(root, text="OK/Cancel", command=ask_okcancel).pack(pady=5)
37
tk.Button(root, text="Yes/No", command=ask_yesno).pack(pady=5)
38

39
root.mainloop()

17. File Dialogs#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import filedialog
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.geometry("400x200")
6

7
def open_file():
8
    filepath = filedialog.askopenfilename(
9
        title="Open File",
10
        filetypes=[
11
            ("Text files", "*.txt"),
12
            ("Python files", "*.py"),
13
            ("All files", "*.*")
14
        ]
15
    )
16
    if filepath:
17
        print(f"Selected: {filepath}")
18
        with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
19
            content = f.read()
20
            print(content)
21

22
def save_file():
23
    filepath = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(
24
        title="Save File",
25
        defaultextension=".txt",
26
        filetypes=[("Text files", "*.txt"), ("All files", "*.*")]
27
    )
28
    if filepath:
29
        print(f"Save to: {filepath}")
30

31
def select_folder():
32
    folder = filedialog.askdirectory(title="Select Folder")
33
    if folder:
34
        print(f"Selected folder: {folder}")
35

36
tk.Button(root, text="Open File", command=open_file).pack(pady=10)
37
tk.Button(root, text="Save File", command=save_file).pack(pady=10)
38
tk.Button(root, text="Select Folder", command=select_folder).pack(pady=10)
39

40
root.mainloop()

18. Canvas#

For drawing shapes and graphics.

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.title("Canvas")
5
root.geometry("500x400")
6

7
canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=450, height=350, bg="white")
8
canvas.pack(pady=20)
9

10
# Rectangle
11
canvas.create_rectangle(50, 50, 150, 100, fill="red", outline="black")
12

13
# Oval/Circle
14
canvas.create_oval(200, 50, 300, 150, fill="blue")
15

16
# Line
17
canvas.create_line(50, 200, 200, 200, width=3, fill="green")
18

19
# Polygon
20
canvas.create_polygon(300, 200, 350, 250, 250, 250, fill="yellow", outline="black")
21

22
# Text
23
canvas.create_text(250, 300, text="Hello Canvas!", font=("Arial", 16), fill="purple")
24

25
# Arc
26
canvas.create_arc(350, 50, 450, 150, start=0, extent=180, fill="orange")
27

28
root.mainloop()

19. Images#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from PIL import Image, ImageTk  # pip install Pillow
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.geometry("400x400")
6

7
# Load image
8
image = Image.open("image.png")
9
image = image.resize((200, 200))  # Resize
10
photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)
11

12
# Display in label
13
label = tk.Label(root, image=photo)
14
label.pack(pady=20)
15

16
# Display in button
17
button = tk.Button(root, image=photo)
18
button.pack()
19

20
root.mainloop()

20. Styling with ttk#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import ttk
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.geometry("400x300")
6

7
# Create style
8
style = ttk.Style()
9

10
# Configure button style
11
style.configure(
12
    "Custom.TButton",
13
    font=("Arial", 12),
14
    padding=10,
15
    background="blue"
16
)
17

18
# Use styled widgets
19
ttk.Button(root, text="TTK Button", style="Custom.TButton").pack(pady=10)
20
ttk.Entry(root, width=30).pack(pady=10)
21
ttk.Combobox(root, values=["A", "B", "C"]).pack(pady=10)
22
ttk.Progressbar(root, length=200, mode="determinate").pack(pady=10)
23

24
root.mainloop()

21. Events and Binding#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.geometry("400x300")
5

6
label = tk.Label(root, text="Press a key or click", font=("Arial", 14))
7
label.pack(pady=50)
8

9
def on_key(event):
10
    label.config(text=f"Key pressed: {event.char}")
11

12
def on_click(event):
13
    label.config(text=f"Clicked at: ({event.x}, {event.y})")
14

15
def on_enter(event):
16
    event.widget.config(bg="yellow")
17

18
def on_leave(event):
19
    event.widget.config(bg="SystemButtonFace")
20

21
# Bind keyboard
22
root.bind("<Key>", on_key)
23
root.bind("<Return>", lambda e: label.config(text="Enter pressed!"))
24

25
# Bind mouse
26
root.bind("<Button-1>", on_click)  # Left click
27

28
# Bind to widget
29
button = tk.Button(root, text="Hover me")
30
button.pack(pady=20)
31
button.bind("<Enter>", on_enter)
32
button.bind("<Leave>", on_leave)
33

34
root.mainloop()

Common Events#

Event	Description
`<Button-1>`	Left click
`<Button-2>`	Middle click
`<Button-3>`	Right click
`<Key>`	Any key press
`<Return>`	Enter key
`<Escape>`	Escape key
`<Enter>`	Mouse enters widget
`<Leave>`	Mouse leaves widget
`<Motion>`	Mouse movement

22. Practical Projects#

Project 1: Calculator#

1
import tkinter as tk
2

3
root = tk.Tk()
4
root.title("Calculator")
5
root.geometry("300x400")
6

7
# Display
8
display = tk.Entry(root, font=("Arial", 20), justify=tk.RIGHT)
9
display.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=4, sticky="nsew", padx=5, pady=5)
10

11
# Button click handler
12
def click(char):
13
    if char == "C":
14
        display.delete(0, tk.END)
15
    elif char == "=":
16
        try:
17
            result = eval(display.get())
18
            display.delete(0, tk.END)
19
            display.insert(0, str(result))
20
        except:
21
            display.delete(0, tk.END)
22
            display.insert(0, "Error")
23
    else:
24
        display.insert(tk.END, char)
25

26
# Buttons
27
buttons = [
28
    "7", "8", "9", "/",
29
    "4", "5", "6", "*",
30
    "1", "2", "3", "-",
31
    "C", "0", "=", "+"
32
]
33

34
row = 1
35
col = 0
36
for btn in buttons:
37
    tk.Button(
38
        root, text=btn, font=("Arial", 16), width=5, height=2,
39
        command=lambda b=btn: click(b)
40
    ).grid(row=row, column=col, padx=2, pady=2)
41
    col += 1
42
    if col > 3:
43
        col = 0
44
        row += 1
45

46
root.mainloop()

Project 2: To-Do List#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import messagebox
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.title("To-Do List")
6
root.geometry("400x500")
7

8
# Entry for new task
9
entry = tk.Entry(root, font=("Arial", 14), width=30)
10
entry.pack(pady=20)
11

12
# Listbox for tasks
13
listbox = tk.Listbox(root, font=("Arial", 12), width=35, height=15)
14
listbox.pack(pady=10)
15

16
def add_task():
17
    task = entry.get()
18
    if task:
19
        listbox.insert(tk.END, task)
20
        entry.delete(0, tk.END)
21

22
def delete_task():
23
    selection = listbox.curselection()
24
    if selection:
25
        listbox.delete(selection)
26

27
def clear_all():
28
    if messagebox.askyesno("Confirm", "Clear all tasks?"):
29
        listbox.delete(0, tk.END)
30

31
# Buttons
32
btn_frame = tk.Frame(root)
33
btn_frame.pack(pady=10)
34

35
tk.Button(btn_frame, text="Add Task", command=add_task, width=10).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
36
tk.Button(btn_frame, text="Delete", command=delete_task, width=10).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
37
tk.Button(btn_frame, text="Clear All", command=clear_all, width=10).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
38

39
root.mainloop()

Project 3: Text Editor#

1
import tkinter as tk
2
from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox
3

4
root = tk.Tk()
5
root.title("Text Editor")
6
root.geometry("600x500")
7

8
# Text area
9
text = tk.Text(root, font=("Consolas", 12), wrap=tk.WORD)
10
text.pack(expand=True, fill=tk.BOTH, padx=5, pady=5)
11

12
current_file = None
13

14
def new_file():
15
    global current_file
16
    text.delete("1.0", tk.END)
17
    current_file = None
18
    root.title("Text Editor - New")
19

20
def open_file():
21
    global current_file
22
    filepath = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Text files", "*.txt"), ("All files", "*.*")])
23
    if filepath:
24
        with open(filepath, "r") as f:
25
            text.delete("1.0", tk.END)
26
            text.insert("1.0", f.read())
27
        current_file = filepath
28
        root.title(f"Text Editor - {filepath}")
29

30
def save_file():
31
    global current_file
32
    if current_file:
33
        with open(current_file, "w") as f:
34
            f.write(text.get("1.0", tk.END))
35
    else:
36
        save_as()
37

38
def save_as():
39
    global current_file
40
    filepath = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("Text files", "*.txt")])
41
    if filepath:
42
        with open(filepath, "w") as f:
43
            f.write(text.get("1.0", tk.END))
44
        current_file = filepath
45
        root.title(f"Text Editor - {filepath}")
46

47
# Menu
48
menubar = tk.Menu(root)
49
file_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
50
file_menu.add_command(label="New", command=new_file)
51
file_menu.add_command(label="Open", command=open_file)
52
file_menu.add_command(label="Save", command=save_file)
53
file_menu.add_command(label="Save As", command=save_as)
54
file_menu.add_separator()
55
file_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.quit)
56
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu)
57
root.config(menu=menubar)
58

59
root.mainloop()

🎯 Quick Reference#

Widget	Purpose
`Label`	Display text/image
`Button`	Clickable button
`Entry`	Single-line input
`Text`	Multi-line input
`Frame`	Container
`Listbox`	List of items
`Checkbutton`	Checkbox
`Radiobutton`	Radio button
`Scale`	Slider
`Canvas`	Drawing
`Menu`	Menu bar

Created by cat0x01 🥷🏻